Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin A :
Decreased growth, production ataxia (muscles uncoordinated). Night
blindness. Embryos die at second and third day of incubation. Xerophthalmia
(tearing of eye, cornea becomes softened).
Vitamin D :
Soft, spongy beaks and bones. Poor egg quality, thin shells, rickets in
young birds.
Vitamin E :
Low hatchability. Embryos die at fourth day of incubation. Degeneration of
muscles.
Vitamin K :
Hemorrhages in body cavity. Thin blood, poor clotting.
Riboflavin :
In young: slipped sciatic nerve. Flabby muscles. Crippled legs, feet.
Sprattled legs, walk on hocks. Club down on dead embryos. Old birds: dry
skin, refusal to walk, decreased production.
Niacin :
Poor feathering, bowed legs, twisted legs, enlarged hock joints.
Dermatitis.
Thiamine :
Unsteady gate, weak legs. Pantothenic Acid Scab-like lesions on corners of
beak, on feet. Broken feathers, dermatitis, large liver, yellow liver.
Biotin :
Embryos, shortened long bones, webbing between toes, parrot beak, deaths at
7 days or 3 days before hatching. Adults dermatitis on feet around eyes and
beak.

